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  2. Aggregate function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate_function

    The input and output domains may be the same, such as for SUM, or may be different, such as for COUNT. Aggregate functions occur commonly in numerous programming languages, in spreadsheets, and in relational algebra. The listagg function, as defined in the SQL:2016 standard [2] aggregates data from multiple rows into a single concatenated string.

  3. Relational algebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_algebra

    Even the query language of SQL is loosely based on a relational algebra, though the operands in SQL are not exactly relations and several useful theorems about the relational algebra do not hold in the SQL counterpart (arguably to the detriment of optimisers and/or users). The SQL table model is a bag , rather than

  4. Set operations (SQL) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_operations_(SQL)

    Set operations in SQL is a type of operations which allow the results of multiple queries to be combined into a single result set. [1] Set operators in SQL include UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT, which mathematically correspond to the concepts of union, intersection and set difference.

  5. Relational calculus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_calculus

    Query optimization consists in determining from a query the most efficient manner (or manners) to execute it. Query optimization can be formalized as translating a relational calculus expression delivering an answer A into efficient relational algebraic expressions delivering the same answer A.

  6. SQL syntax - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL_syntax

    Title Authors ----- ----- SQL Examples and Guide 4 The Joy of SQL 1 An Introduction to SQL 2 Pitfalls of SQL 1 Under the precondition that isbn is the only common column name of the two tables and that a column named title only exists in the Book table, one could re-write the query above in the following form:

  7. Materialized view - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialized_view

    Whenever a query or an update addresses an ordinary view's virtual table, the DBMS converts these into queries or updates against the underlying base tables. A materialized view takes a different approach: the query result is cached as a concrete ("materialized") table (rather than a view as such) that may be updated from the original base ...

  8. Select (SQL) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_(SQL)

    A query includes a list of columns to include in the final result, normally immediately following the SELECT keyword. An asterisk ("*") can be used to specify that the query should return all columns of all the queried tables. SELECT is the most complex statement in SQL, with optional keywords and clauses that include:

  9. Checksum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checksum

    Sum complement [ edit ] A variant of the previous algorithm is to add all the "words" as unsigned binary numbers, discarding any overflow bits, and append the two's complement of the total as the checksum.