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Toxin is produced by the bacteria when environmental conditions are favourable for the spores to replicate and grow, but the gene that encodes for the toxin protein is actually carried by a virus or phage that infects the bacteria. Little is known about the natural factors that control phage infection and replication within the bacteria.
Clostridium is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria.Species of Clostridium inhabit soils and the intestinal tracts of animals, including humans. [1] This genus includes several significant human pathogens, including the causative agents of botulism and tetanus.
The human gastrointestinal tract is lined with intestinal mucosa that secrete mucus and act as a defense mechanism against pathogens, toxins, and harmful substances. Mucus is made up of mucins containing several O-linked glycan glycoproteins that recognizes and forms a barrier around microbes, preventing them from attaching to endothelial cells ...
Demodicosis / ˌ d ɛ m ə d ə ˈ k oʊ s ɪ s /, also called Demodex folliculitis in humans [1] and demodectic mange (/ d ɛ m ə ˈ d ɛ k t ɪ k /) or red mange in animals, is caused by a sensitivity to and overpopulation of Demodex spp. as the host's immune system is unable to keep the mites under control. Demodex is a genus of mite in the ...
Foodborne illness (also known as foodborne disease and food poisoning) [1] is any illness resulting from the contamination of food by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites, [2] as well as prions (the agents of mad cow disease), and toxins such as aflatoxins in peanuts, poisonous mushrooms, and various species of beans that have not been boiled for at least 10 minutes.
Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease. [1] This article focuses on the bacteria that are pathogenic to humans. Most species of bacteria are harmless and many are beneficial but others can cause infectious diseases. The number of these pathogenic species in humans is estimated to be fewer than a hundred. [2]
Once a human consumes the toxin, the individual could experience mild symptoms such as paresthesias of the lips or tongue, vomiting and headaches. The individual could also experience severe symptoms such as respiratory or heart failure. At this time there is no treatment for tetrodotoxin poisoning other than respiratory support. [27]
In humans, Staphylococcus aureus is part of the normal microbiota present in the upper respiratory tract, [2] and on skin and in the gut mucosa. [3] However, along with similar bacterial species that can colonize and act symbiotically, they can cause disease if they begin to take over the tissues they have colonized or invade other tissues; the ...