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Hepatic encephalopathy can occur in those with acute or chronic liver disease. [4] Episodes can be triggered by infections, gastrointestinal bleeding, constipation, electrolyte problems, or certain medications. [5] The underlying mechanism is believed to involve the buildup of ammonia in the blood, a substance that is normally removed by the ...
Patients with spina bifida have a neural tube that has failed to completely form. This is most commonly in the lower back area in the region of the conus medullaris or cauda equina . Therefore, spina bifida affects the bowel similarly to a lower motor neuron spinal cord injury, resulting in a flaccid, unreactive rectal wall.
Binswanger's disease, also known as subcortical leukoencephalopathy and subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy, [1] is a form of small-vessel vascular dementia caused by damage to the white brain matter. [2] White matter atrophy can be caused by many circumstances including chronic hypertension as well as old age. [3]
Anismus occurs in a small minority of persons with chronic constipation or obstructed defecation. [33] Spinal cord lesions and neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease and pelvic floor dysfunction [18] can also lead to constipation. Chagas disease may cause constipation through the destruction of the myenteric plexus. [34] [35]
The impact on life expectancy depends on the individual condition, [9] but is usually severe without treatment. [1] [3] It's estimated only 25–29% of people affected survive to adulthood, and only 10% to the age of 50. [1] The median life expectancy is around 9 years, and the average life expectancy is 16.3 years. [1]
Regarding incidence, cohort longitudinal studies (studies where a disease-free population is followed over the years) provide rates between 10 and 15 per thousand person-years for all dementias and 5–8 for AD, [235] [236] which means that half of new dementia cases each year are Alzheimer's disease. Advancing age is a primary risk factor for ...
Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia are clinically similar after dementia occurs in Parkinson's disease. [148] Delusions in Parkinson's disease dementia are less common than in DLB, [149] and persons with Parkinson's disease are typically less caught up in their visual hallucinations than those with DLB. [85]
Functional constipation, also known as chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC), is defined by less than three bowel movements per week, hard stools, severe straining, the sensation of anorectal blockage, the feeling of incomplete evacuation, and the need for manual maneuvers during feces, without organic abnormalities.
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