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Big data ethics, also known simply as data ethics, refers to systemizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct in relation to data, in particular personal data. [1] Since the dawn of the Internet the sheer quantity and quality of data has dramatically increased and is continuing to do so exponentially.
The Data Protection Directive, officially Directive 95/46/EC, enacted in October 1995, was a European Union directive which regulated the processing of personal data within the European Union (EU) and the free movement of such data. The Data Protection Directive was an important component of EU privacy and human rights law.
The Act had several main principles: data minimization, individual ownership, and private right of action. The burden of evaluating each organization's programs would fall to the organization. [1] Data collectors would have had to minimize the data they collected down to that which was "necessary, proportionate, and limited to" their purpose ...
In 1980, the OECD issued recommendations for protection of personal data in the form of eight principles. These were non-binding and in 1995, the European Union (EU) enacted a more binding form of governance, i.e. legislation, to protect personal data privacy in the form of the Data Protection Directive. [8]
The core principles of privacy addressed by these principles are: 1. Notice/Awareness [12] Consumers should be given notice of an entity's information practices before any personal information is collected from them. [12] This requires that companies explicitly notify some or all of the following: identification of the entity collecting the data;
This privacy objective is supported by ten main principles and over seventy objectives, with associated measurable criteria. The ten principles are: Management; Notice; Choice and consent; Collection; Use, retention and disposal; Access; Disclosure to third parties; Security for privacy; Quality; Monitoring and enforcement
Article 5 sets out six principles relating to the lawfulness of processing personal data. The first of these specifies that data must be processed lawfully, fairly and in a transparent manner. Article 6 develops this principle by specifying that personal data may not be processed unless there is at least one legal basis for doing so.
The principles of privacy by design "remain vague and leave many open questions about their application when engineering systems". The authors argue that "starting from data minimization is a necessary and foundational first step to engineer systems in line with the principles of privacy by design".