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In an insulin-resistant person, normal levels of insulin do not have the same effect in controlling blood glucose levels. When the body produces insulin under conditions of insulin resistance, the cells are unable to absorb or use it as effectively and it stays in the bloodstream.
Insulin resistance is when your tissues no longer adequately respond to insulin to lower blood glucose levels. Glucose is the sugar molecule your body uses for energy. Insulin is produced by beta ...
When blood glucose levels are too low, the pancreas is signaled to release glucagon, which has essentially the opposite effect of insulin and therefore opposes the reduction of glucose in the blood. Glucagon is delivered directly to the liver, where it connects to the glucagon receptors on the membranes of the liver cells, signals the ...
[10] [13] Too much blood (a clinical condition of a normal homeostatic response of hyperemia) [1] can raise intracranial pressure (ICP), which can compress and damage delicate brain tissue. Too little blood flow results if blood flow to the brain is below 18 to 20 ml per 100 g per minute, and tissue death occurs if flow dips below 8 to 10 ml ...
The Randle cycle, also known as the glucose fatty-acid cycle, is a metabolic process involving the cross inhibition of glucose and fatty acids for substrates. [1] It is theorized to play a role in explaining type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. [2] [3] It was named for Philip Randle, who described it in 1963. [4]
This process is illustrated by the insulin receptor sites on target cells, e.g. liver cells, in a person with type 2 diabetes. [6] Due to the elevated levels of blood glucose in an individual, the β-cells (islets of Langerhans) in the pancreas must release more insulin than normal to meet the demand and return the blood to homeostatic levels. [7]
IR is insulin resistance and %β is the β-cell function (more precisely, an index for glucose tolerance, i.e. a measure for the ability to counteract the glucose load). Insulin is given in μU/mL. [7] Glucose and insulin are both during fasting. [2] This model correlated well with estimates using the euglycemic clamp method (r = 0.88). [2]
Changes in brain activity are closely coupled with changes in blood flow in those areas, and knowing this has proved useful in mapping brain functions in humans. The measurement of haemodynamic response, in a clinical setting, can be used to create images of the brain in which especially active and inactive regions are shown as distinct from ...