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  2. Probability density function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_density_function

    In probability theory, a probability density function (PDF), density function, or density of an absolutely continuous random variable, is a function whose value at any given sample (or point) in the sample space (the set of possible values taken by the random variable) can be interpreted as providing a relative likelihood that the value of the ...

  3. SageMath - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SageMath

    Both binaries and source code are available for SageMath from the download page. If SageMath is built from source code, many of the included libraries such as OpenBLAS, FLINT, GAP (computer algebra system), and NTL will be tuned and optimized for that computer, taking into account the number of processors, the size of their caches, whether there is hardware support for SSE instructions, etc.

  4. Monte Carlo method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method

    For example, consider a quadrant (circular sector) inscribed in a unit square. Given that the ratio of their areas is ⁠ π / 4 ⁠, the value of π can be approximated using the Monte Carlo method: [1] Draw a square, then inscribe a quadrant within it. Uniformly scatter a given number of points over the square.

  5. Random number generation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_number_generation

    Dice are an example of a mechanical hardware random number generator. When a cubical die is rolled, a random number from 1 to 6 is obtained. Random number generation is a process by which, often by means of a random number generator (RNG), a sequence of numbers or symbols is generated that cannot be reasonably predicted better than by random chance.

  6. Notation in probability and statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notation_in_probability...

    Random variables are usually written in upper case Roman letters, such as or and so on. Random variables, in this context, usually refer to something in words, such as "the height of a subject" for a continuous variable, or "the number of cars in the school car park" for a discrete variable, or "the colour of the next bicycle" for a categorical variable.

  7. Random graph - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_graph

    In mathematics, random graph is the general term to refer to probability distributions over graphs. Random graphs may be described simply by a probability distribution, or by a random process which generates them. [1] [2] The theory of random graphs lies at the intersection between graph theory and probability theory.

  8. Inverse transform sampling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_transform_sampling

    Inverse transform sampling (also known as inversion sampling, the inverse probability integral transform, the inverse transformation method, or the Smirnov transform) is a basic method for pseudo-random number sampling, i.e., for generating sample numbers at random from any probability distribution given its cumulative distribution function.

  9. Coupling (probability) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_(probability)

    Using the standard formalism of probability theory, let and be two random variables defined on probability spaces (,,) and (,,).Then a coupling of and is a new probability space (,,) over which there are two random variables and such that has the same distribution as while has the same distribution as .