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Trichomes (/ ˈ t r aɪ k oʊ m z, ˈ t r ɪ k oʊ m z /; from Ancient Greek τρίχωμα (tríkhōma) 'hair') are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants, algae, lichens, and certain protists. They are of diverse structure and function. Examples are hairs, glandular hairs, scales, and papillae.
Prickles on a blackberry branch. In plant morphology, thorns, spines, and prickles, and in general spinose structures (sometimes called spinose teeth or spinose apical processes), are hard, rigid extensions or modifications of leaves, roots, stems, or buds with sharp, stiff ends, and generally serve the same function: physically defending plants against herbivory.
Stiff hairs or trichomes without the ability to inject irritating compounds occur on the leaves and stems of many plants. They appear to deter feeding insects to some degree by impeding movement and restricting access to the surface of the stem or leaf. Some plants have glandular hairs, either as well as non-glandular hairs or instead of them.
In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, trichome formation is initiated by the GLABROUS1 protein. Knockouts of the corresponding gene lead to glabrous plants. This phenotype has already been used in gene editing experiments and might be of interest as a visual marker for plant research to improve gene editing methods such as CRISPR/Cas9. [1] [2]
Trichomes develop at a distinct phase during leaf development, under the control of two major trichome specification genes: TTG and GL1. The process may be controlled by the plant hormones gibberellins , and even if not completely controlled, gibberellins certainly have an effect on the development of the leaf hairs.
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In land plants, rhizoids are trichomes that anchor the plant to the ground. In the liverworts , they are absent or unicellular, but they are multicellular in mosses . In vascular plants , they are often called root hairs and may be unicellular or multicellular.