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Basalt (UK: / ˈ b æ s ɒ l t,-ɔː l t,-əl t /; [1] [2] US: / b ə ˈ s ɔː l t, ˈ b eɪ s ɔː l t /) [3] is an aphanitic (fine-grained) extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low-viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron (mafic lava) exposed at or very near the surface of a rocky planet or moon.
The tholeiitic magma series (/ ˌ θ oʊ l eɪ ˈ ɪ t ɪ k /) is one of two main magma series in subalkaline igneous rocks, the other being the calc-alkaline series. A magma series is a chemically distinct range of magma compositions that describes the evolution of a mafic magma into a more evolved, silica rich end member.
The calc-alkaline magma series is one of two main subdivisions of the subalkaline magma series, the other subalkaline magma series being the tholeiitic series. A magma series is a series of compositions that describes the evolution of a mafic magma, which is high in magnesium and iron and produces basalt or gabbro, as it fractionally crystallizes to become a felsic magma, which is low in ...
Ophiolite basalt contents place them in the domain of subduction zones (~55% silica, <1% TiO 2), whereas mid-ocean ridge basalts typically have ~50% silica and 1.5–2.5% TiO 2. These chemical differences extend to a range of trace elements as well (that is, chemical elements occurring in amounts of 1000 ppm or less). In particular, trace ...
Basalt fiber is made from a single material, crushed basalt, from a carefully chosen quarry source. [1] Basalt of high acidity (over 46% silica content [2]) and low iron content is considered desirable for fiber production. [3] Unlike with other composites, such as glass fiber, essentially no materials are added during its production.
There is no agreed number of specific types of rock. Any unique combination of chemical composition, mineralogy, grain size, texture, or other distinguishing characteristics can describe a rock type. Additionally, different classification systems exist for each major type of rock. [1]
Alkali basalt is one of the rocks comprising the Pali-Aike volcanic field, in Argentina. [1]Alkali basalt or alkali olivine basalt is a dark-colored, porphyritic volcanic rock [2] usually found in oceanic and continental areas associated with volcanic activity, such as oceanic islands, continental rifts and volcanic fields. [3]
QAPF diagram with basalt/andesite field highlighted in yellow. Andesite is distinguished from basalt by SiO 2 > 52%. Andesite is field O2 in the TAS classification.. Andesite is an aphanitic (fine-grained) to porphyritic (coarse-grained) igneous rock that is intermediate in its content of silica and low in alkali metals.