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Since the eye's pupil varies in diameter with viewing conditions, the ideal exit pupil diameter depends on the application. [1] An astronomical telescope requires a large exit pupil because it is designed to be used for looking at dim objects at night, while a microscope will require a much smaller exit pupil since an object being observed will be brightly illuminated.
For example, a 10 × 42 binocular has a 4.2 mm wide exit cone, and fairly comfortable for general use, whereas doubling the magnification with a zoom feature to 20 × results in a much more critical 2.1 mm exit cone. Optics showing eye relief and exit pupil 1 Real image 2 Field diaphragm 3 Eye relief 4 Exit pupil
The exit pupil is located at infinity, and chief rays after the objective are parallel to the optical axis. An image-space telecentric lens has the exit pupil (the image of the aperture stop formed by optics after it) at infinity and produces images of the same size regardless of the distance between the lens and the film or image sensor. This ...
An exit pupil must match or be smaller in diameter than one's pupil to receive the full amount of projected light; a larger exit pupil results in the wasted light. The exit pupil e {\displaystyle e} can be derived with from division of the telescope aperture D {\displaystyle D} and the minimum magnification m {\displaystyle m} , derived by: e ...
Exit pupil – Telescopic sights concentrate the light gathered by the objective into a beam, the exit pupil, whose diameter is the objective diameter divided by the magnifying power. For maximum effective light-gathering and brightest image, the exit pupil should equal the diameter of the fully dilated iris – for a youthful dark-adapted ...
Many automated pupilometers can also function as a type of pupil response monitor by measuring pupil dilation in response to a visual stimulus.. In ophthalmology, a pupillary response to light is differentiated from a pupillary response to focus (i.e. pupils may constrict on near focus, as with the Argyll Robertson pupil) in the diagnosis of tertiary syphilis.
The pupil magnification of an optical system is the ratio of the diameter of the exit pupil to the diameter of the entrance pupil.The pupil magnification is used in calculations of the effective f-number, which affects a number of important elements related to optics, such as exposure, diffraction, and depth of field.
PD measurement using an app (PD+ by Zernike) Pupillary distance measurement with iPad app. Binocular PD measurements are done from pupil to pupil while monocular PD measurements are from either right or left pupil to center of the nose bridge. Measurements are typically reported in millimeters.
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