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Solidified lava flow in Hawaii Sedimentary layers in Badlands National Park, South Dakota Metamorphic rock, Nunavut, Canada. Geology (from Ancient Greek γῆ (gê) ' earth ' and λoγία () ' study of, discourse ') [1] [2] is a branch of natural science concerned with the Earth and other astronomical objects, the rocks of which they are composed, and the processes by which they change over ...
The Central Geological Service (formerly Geology stream of GSI) was constituted as an Organized Group ‘A’ Gazetted Service as per DOPT OM No. I-11019/12/2008-CRD dated 19/11/2009 by the Cadre Controlling Authorities. GSI is organized group 'A' service since 1982 as per DoPT O.M.No.5/12/79-PP-II dated 31.07.1982 and schedule -I.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to geology: . Geology – one of the Earth sciences – is the study of the Earth, with the general exclusion of present-day life, flow within the ocean, and the atmosphere.
The thin parts are the oceanic crust, which underlies the ocean basins (5–10 km) and is mafic-rich [9] (dense iron-magnesium silicate mineral or igneous rock). [10] The thicker crust is the continental crust , which is less dense [ 11 ] and is felsic -rich (igneous rocks rich in elements that form feldspar and quartz ). [ 12 ]
[26] [27] Again in 2022, a new controversy started when both CBSE and NCERT removed topics regarding Islamic Empires in the class 12 history textbook and chapters like “Challenges to Democracy” in the class 10 political science subject and many others, saying it is necessary to reduce syllabus to reduce examination pressure on students by ...
[10] The Atlantic Shield. The Amazonian (Brazilian) Shield on the eastern bulge portion of South America. Bordering this is the Guiana Shield to the north, and the Platian Shield to the south. The Uruguayan Shield; The Baltic (Fennoscandian) Shield is located in eastern Norway, Finland and Sweden. The African (Ethiopian) Shield is located in ...
[8] [9] [10] Pedology is the study of soils in their natural environment. It deals with pedogenesis , soil morphology , soil classification . Soil geography studies the spatial distribution of soils as it relates to topography , climate (water, air, temperature), soil life (micro-organisms, plants, animals) and mineral materials within soils ...
Observations made on long geologic times scales (≥10 6 annum) typically reveal much about slower, larger-magnitude geologic processes such as tectonism [5] from a regional to even global scale. Evaluation on geologically short time scales (10 3 -10 5 a ) can reveal much about the relatively shorter climatic cycles, [ 5 ] local to regional ...