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In order to deal with this ongoing escapist battle, insects have evolved a wide range of defense mechanisms. The only restraint on these adaptations is that their cost, in terms of time and energy, does not exceed the benefit that they provide to the organism. The further that a feature tips the balance towards beneficial, the more likely that ...
These may protect membranes from damage by associating with the polar heads of lipid molecules. [26] The proteins may also form a glass-like matrix that protects cytoplasm from damage during desiccation. [27] Anhydrobiosis in response to desiccation has a complex molecular basis; in Hypsibius exemplaris, 1,422 genes are upregulated during the ...
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It includes special protective resemblance, now called mimesis, where the whole animal looks like some other object, for example when a caterpillar resembles a twig or a bird dropping. In general protective resemblance, now called crypsis , the animal's texture blends with the background, for example when a moth's colour and pattern blend in ...
Viburnum lesquereuxii leaf with insect damage; Dakota Sandstone (Cretaceous) of Ellsworth County, Kansas. Scale bar is 10 mm. Knowledge of herbivory in geological time comes from three sources: fossilized plants, which may preserve evidence of defense (such as spines) or herbivory-related damage; the observation of plant debris in fossilised animal feces; and the structure of herbivore mouthparts.
In spite of their slender, worm-like forms, shipworms possess the characteristic morphology of bivalves. The ctinidia lie mainly within the branchial siphon, through which the animal pumps the water that passes over the gills. The two siphons are very long and protrude from the posterior end of the animal. Where they leave the end of the main ...
They fix nitrogen from dinitrogen (N 2) in the air using the enzyme nitrogenase, in order to provide the cells in the filament with nitrogen for biosynthesis. [2] Nitrogenase is inactivated by oxygen, so the heterocyst must create a microanaerobic environment. The heterocysts' unique structure and physiology require a global change in gene ...
The Protura constitute an order of hexapods that were previously regarded as insects, and sometimes treated as a class in their own right. [ 1 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Some evidence indicates the Protura are basal to all other hexapods, [ 6 ] although not all researchers consider them Hexapoda , rendering the monophyly of Hexapoda unsettled. [ 7 ]