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The philosophy of self examines the idea of the self at a conceptual level. Many different ideas on what constitutes self have been proposed, including the self being an activity, the self being independent of the senses, the bundle theory of the self, the self as a narrative center of gravity, and the self as a linguistic or social construct rather than a physical entity.
This he explains after first comparing the four other truth revealing capacities of soul: technical know how , logically deduced knowledge (epistēmē, sometimes translated as "scientific knowledge"), practical wisdom , and lastly theoretical wisdom , which is defined by Aristotle as the combination of nous and epistēmē.
Commentators who focus on this latter point interpret Socrates' argument to mean that self-knowledge is accomplished through knowledge of God; [f] while others, concentrating on the image of eye looking into eye, infer that self-knowledge is accomplished only through knowledge of other human souls. [45]
The first application of the phrase to self-knowledge in the modern sense occurs in Plato's Phaedrus, ... whether the maxim was a direct influence on Aristotle, ...
In philosophy and science, a first principle is a basic proposition or assumption that cannot be deduced from any other proposition or assumption. First principles in philosophy are from first cause [1] attitudes and taught by Aristotelians, and nuanced versions of first principles are referred to as postulates by Kantians.
Aristotle's immanent realism means his epistemology is based on the study of things that exist or happen in the world, and rises to knowledge of the universal, whereas for Plato epistemology begins with knowledge of universal Forms (or ideas) and descends to knowledge of particular imitations of these. [52]
In Aristotle's work, phronesis is the intellectual virtue that helps turn one's moral instincts into practical action. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] He writes that moral virtues help any person to achieve the end, and that phronesis is what it takes to discover the means to gain that end. [ 4 ]
A priori knowledge is independent from any experience. Examples include mathematics, [i] tautologies and deduction from pure reason. [ii] A posteriori knowledge depends on empirical evidence. Examples include most fields of science and aspects of personal knowledge.