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2. Cone penetration test - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_penetration_test

   Symbol used in drawings. Simplified version of a cone penetrometer. The cone penetration or cone penetrometer test (CPT) is a method used to determine the geotechnical engineering properties of soils and delineating soil stratigraphy. It was initially developed in the 1950s at the Dutch Laboratory for Soil Mechanics in Delft to investigate soft ...

3. Soil moisture sensor - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_moisture_sensor

   A simple soil moisture sensor for gardeners. Soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content in soil. [1] Since the direct gravimetric measurement of free soil moisture requires removing, drying, and weighing of a sample, soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content indirectly by using some other property of the soil, such as electrical resistance, dielectric constant ...

4. Soil test - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_test

   A soil test can determine fertility, or the expected growth potential of the soil which indicates nutrient deficiencies, potential toxicities from excessive fertility and inhibitions from the presence of non-essential trace minerals. The test is used to mimic the function of roots to assimilate minerals. The expected rate of growth is modeled ...

5. Penetrometer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetrometer

   Penetrometers are used for objective evaluation of food products. Penetrometers, equipped with a plunger and a needle or cone, penetrate food samples through gravitational force for a selected period of time. The distance the test device penetrates into the sample is measured to determine the relative tenderness of the samples such as baked ...

6. Grounding resistance tester - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grounding_resistance_tester

   A grounding resistance tester also called an earth tester is a soil resistance measuring instrument. It is used for sizing and projecting grounding grids. [1]Digital Earth resistance tester Analog Grounding resistance tester schematic Graph of Comparison analog and digital grounding resistance testers

7. Electrical resistivity tomography - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistivity...

   Soil resistivity, measured in ohm-centimeters (Ω⋅cm), varies with moisture content and temperature changes. In general, an increase in soil moisture results in a reduction in soil resistivity. The pore fluid provides the only electrical path in sands, while both the pore fluid and the surface charged particles provide electrical paths in clays.