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In particle physics, cyclotron radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by non-relativistic accelerating charged particles deflected by a magnetic field. [1] The Lorentz force on the particles acts perpendicular to both the magnetic field lines and the particles' motion through them, creating an acceleration of charged particles that causes them to emit radiation as a result of the ...
Lawrence's 60-inch (152 cm) cyclotron, c. 1939, showing the beam of accelerated ions (likely protons or deuterons) exiting the machine and ionizing the surrounding air causing a blue glow. A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator invented by Ernest Lawrence in 1929–1930 at the University of California, Berkeley, [1] [2] and patented in 1932.
The general term for radiation emitted by particles in a magnetic field is gyromagnetic radiation, for which synchrotron radiation is the ultra-relativistic special case. Radiation emitted by charged particles moving non-relativistically in a magnetic field is called cyclotron emission. [2]
Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) is a phenomenon observed in plasma physics, condensed matter physics, and accelerator physics.It happens when the frequency of incident radiation coincides with the natural frequency of rotation of electrons in magnetic fields.
A significant amount of the energy released by fusion reactions is composed of electromagnetic radiation, essentially X-rays due to Bremsstrahlung. Those X-rays can not be converted into electric power with the various electrostatic and magnetic direct energy converters listed above, and their energy is lost.
The radiation reaction phenomenon is one of the key problems and consequences of the Larmor formula. According to classical electrodynamics, a charged particle produces electromagnetic radiation as it accelerates. The particle loses momentum and energy as a result of the radiation, which is carrying it away from it.
In a megatesla field, an electron would lose its energy to cyclotron radiation in a few picoseconds if the radiation could escape. However, in a sufficiently dense plasma ( n e > 2.5 × 10 30 m −3 , a density greater than that of a solid [ 45 ] ), the cyclotron frequency is less than twice the plasma frequency .
The gyrotron is a type of free-electron maser that generates high-frequency electromagnetic radiation by stimulated cyclotron resonance of electrons moving through a strong magnetic field. [4] [5] It can produce high power at millimeter wavelengths because, as a fast-wave device, its dimensions can be much larger than the wavelength of the ...