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Back titration is a titration done in reverse; instead of titrating the original sample, a known excess of standard reagent is added to the solution, and the excess is titrated. A back titration is useful if the endpoint of the reverse titration is easier to identify than the endpoint of the normal titration, as with precipitation reactions
A typical titration curve of a diprotic acid, oxalic acid, titrated with a strong base, sodium hydroxide.Both equivalence points are visible. Titrations are often recorded on graphs called titration curves, which generally contain the volume of the titrant as the independent variable and the pH of the solution as the dependent variable (because it changes depending on the composition of the ...
The history of acid-base titration dates back to the late 19th century when advancements in analytical chemistry fostered the development of systematic techniques for quantitative analysis. [5] The origins of titration methods can be linked to the work of chemists such as Karl Friedrich Mohr in the mid-1800s. [5]
A thermometric titration methodology which cannot be emulated using other types of titration sensors will deliver superior or results otherwise unobtainable by other techniques. Examples are the determination of fluoride by titration with boric acid, the analysis of orthophosphate by titration with magnesium ions, and the direct titration of ...
For a strong acid-strong base titration monitored by pH, we have at any i'th point in the titration = [+] [] where K w is the water autoprotolysis constant.. If titrating an acid of initial volume and concentration [+] with base of concentration [], then at any i'th point in the titration with titrant volume ,
In analytical chemistry, Karl Fischer titration is a classic titration method that uses coulometric or volumetric titration to determine trace amounts of water in a sample. It was invented in 1935 by the German chemist Karl Fischer. [1] [2] Today, the titration is done with an automated Karl Fischer titrator.
In chemical thermodynamics, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a physical technique used to determine the thermodynamic parameters of interactions in solution. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is most often used to study the binding of small molecules (such as medicinal compounds) to larger macromolecules ( proteins , DNA etc.) in a label-free environment.
A redox titration [1] is a type of titration based on a redox reaction between the analyte and titrant. It may involve the use of a redox indicator and/or a potentiometer. A common example of a redox titration is the treatment of a solution of iodine with a reducing agent to produce iodide using a starch indicator to help detect the endpoint.