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Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a form of heart failure in which the ejection fraction – the percentage of the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat divided by the volume of blood when the left ventricle is maximally filled – is normal, defined as greater than 50%; [1] this may be measured by echocardiography or cardiac catheterization.
A heart which cannot pump sufficient blood to meet the body's requirements (i.e., heart failure) will often, but not invariably, have a reduced ventricular ejection fraction. [6] In heart failure, the difference between heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction, and heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction, is significant, because ...
People with heart failure, also known as congestive heart failure (CHF), are educated to undertake various non-pharmacological measures to improve symptoms and prognosis. Such measures include: [2] Moderate physical activity, when symptoms are mild or moderate; or bed rest when symptoms are severe. In individuals with heart failure, increasing ...
Left-sided heart failure may be present with a reduced ejection fraction or with a preserved ejection fraction. [10] Heart failure is not the same as cardiac arrest, in which blood flow stops completely due to the failure of the heart to pump. [12] [13] Diagnosis is based on symptoms, physical findings, and echocardiography. [6]
[10] [11] [18] To investigate its use for heart failure in those with a preserved LVEF (HFpEF), Novartis funded the PARAGON-HF trial which was designed to investigate the use of sacubitril/valsartan in the treatment of HFpEF patients with a LVEF of 45% or more. Concluding in 2019, it failed to show significance for reducing hospitalisation ...
This is defined as a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 40% or less. About half of heart failure patients have a reduced ejection fraction. [2] Other types of heart failure are heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (LVEF between 40% and 50%) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (LVEF 50% or higher). [1] [3]
A chemical restraint is a form of medical restraint in which a drug is used to restrict the freedom or movement of a patient or in some cases to sedate the patient. Chemical restraint is used in emergency, acute, and psychiatric settings to perform surgery or to reduce agitation, aggression or violent behaviours; [a] it may also be used to control or punish unruly behaviours. [2]
The International Patient Safety Goals (IPSG) were developed in 2006 by the Joint Commission International (JCI). The goals were adapted from the JCAHO's National Patient Safety Goals. [1] Compliance with IPSG has been monitored in JCI-accredited hospitals since January 2006. [1]
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