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Outcome-based methods have been adopted in education systems around the world, at multiple levels. Australia and South Africa adopted OBE policies from the 1990s to the mid 2000s, but were abandoned in the face of substantial community opposition. [2] [3] The United States has had an OBE program in place since 1994 that has been adapted over ...
In practise, what parents and traditionally high-achieving students experience is that the curriculum has been simplified so that traditionally low-achieving students can succeed. In the USA the NTCM maths syllabus is a good example. This syllabus was adopted in the early 1990s by Western Australian educrats practically word for word.
William G. Spady is an academic, educational psychologist, [1] sociologist and is considered the father of Outcome-Based Education (OBE). [2] He is largely noted for his works that attempt to expand and enhance the philosophical grounding and performance of educators, leaders, educational systems, and learners. [3]
Standards are an evolution of the earlier OBE (outcomes-based education) [4] which was largely rejected in the United States as unworkable in the 1990s, and is still being implemented by some and abandoned by other governments. In contrast, the more modest "standards" reform has been limited to the core goals of the OBE programs: [dubious ...
UbD is an example of backward design, the practice of looking at the outcomes first, and focuses on teaching to achieve understanding. It is advocated by Jay McTighe and Grant Wiggins (1950-2015) [ 2 ] in their Understanding by Design (1998), published by the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development . [ 3 ]
Backward design is often used in conjunction with two other terms: curriculum design and instructional design. Curriculum design is the act of designing or developing curricula for students. Curricula may differ from country to country and further still between provinces or states within a country.
Constructive alignment is the underpinning concept behind the current requirements for programme specification, declarations of learning outcomes (LOs) and assessment criteria, and the use of criterion based assessment. There are two basic concepts behind constructive alignment: Learners construct meaning from what they do to learn.
The scheme of work is usually an interpretation of a specification or syllabus and can be used as a guide throughout the course to monitor progress against the original plan. Schemes of work can be shared with students so that they have an overview of their course. The ultimate source of the specification or syllabus is a curriculum.