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“This study analyzed a nationally representative sample of U.S. adolescent e-cigarette use to examine whether urine metal levels (i.e., cadmium, lead and uranium) differed by vaping frequency ...
A 2016 study reported vaping increased aortic stiffness in people with no cardiovascular risk factors, an d that the increase was lower than smoking. [140] A 2017 review concluded that habitual vaping was associated with oxidative stress and a shift towards cardiac sympathetic activity, which are both associated with a risk of developing ...
There is accumulating research concerning the negative effects of nicotine on prenatal brain development. [notes 5] [110] Vaping during pregnancy can be harmful to the fetus. [111] There is no supporting evidence demonstrating that vaping is safe for use in pregnant women. [104] Nicotine accumulates in the fetus because it goes through the ...
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There is no research available on vaping for reducing harm in high-risk groups such as people with mental disorders. [135] A 2014 PHE report concluded that hazards associated with products currently on the market are probably low, and apparently much lower than smoking. [122]
Along the same line, another study found [308] that e-cigarette minimum legal purchase age laws increase cigarette use among 12 to 17 years old, suggesting that e-cigarettes are displacing youth smoking rather than acting as a gateway to youth smoking. Regarding indoor vaping regulations, one study [309] found that it increased prenatal smoking ...