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Hindustani is the lingua franca of northern India and Pakistan, and through its two standardized registers, Hindi and Urdu, a co-official language of India and co-official and national language of Pakistan respectively. Phonological differences between the two standards are minimal.
Hindustani, the lingua franca of Northern India and Pakistan, has two standardised registers: Hindi and Urdu.Grammatical differences between the two standards are minor but each uses its own script: Hindi uses Devanagari while Urdu uses an extended form of the Perso-Arabic script, typically in the Nastaʿlīq style.
These ragas have all seven swaras (notes) in their scales (only one of each swara, Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni), following strict ascending and descending scales and are sung in all octaves. Example of melakartha ragas are: Shankarabharanam, Kalyani, Natabhairavi, Chala Nattai, Harikambhoji, Kharaharapriya, Mayamalavagowla, and Chakravakam.
At the grammatical level, differences may involve pronunciation, inflection, and/or syntax (sentence structure). Differences can range from minor (although conspicuous) to extreme. In many cases of diglossia, the two dialects are so divergent that they are distinct languages as defined by linguists: they are not mutually intelligible.
Early forms of present-day Hindustani developed from the Middle Indo-Aryan apabhraṃśa vernaculars of present-day North India in the 7th–13th centuries. [33] [38] Hindustani emerged as a contact language around the Ganges-Yamuna Doab (Delhi, Meerut and Saharanpur), a result of the increasing linguistic diversity that occurred during the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent.
Deccani (دکھنی dakhanī or دکنی dakanī; [A] [1] also known as Deccani Urdu, [2] [3] Deccani Hindi, [4] [5] [6] and Deccani Hindustani) [7] [8] is an Indo-Aryan language based on a form of Hindustani spoken in the Deccan region of south-central India and is the native language of the Deccani people.
Hindi has drawn increasing focus as an academic subject. [8] There is a growing trend of Hindi experts and the availability of texts in Pakistan. [8] Many Hindi instructors migrated from India, or were educated at Indian universities. [5] The Department of Hindi at the National University of Modern Languages (NUML) in Islamabad was
The Telugu–Kannada script (or Kannada–Telugu script) was a writing system used in Southern India.Despite some significant differences, the scripts used for the Telugu and Kannada languages remain quite similar and highly mutually intelligible.