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Alloimmunity (sometimes called isoimmunity) is an immune response to nonself antigens from members of the same species, which are called alloantigens or isoantigens.Two major types of alloantigens are blood group antigens [1] and histocompatibility antigens.
An illustration that shows how antigens induce the immune system response by interacting with an antibody that matches the molecular structure of an antigen. In immunology, an antigen (Ag) is a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or an allergen, such as pollen, that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor. [1]
The roles of non-coding RNAs: Ribonucleoproteins are shown in red, non-coding RNAs in blue. A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is a functional RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein.
A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species.It can be described as a variation (which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci) that can be observed.
Two serotypes 1a and 1b with antigens 2a and 2b on surface, which are recognized by two distinct antibodies, 3a and 3b, respectively. A serotype or serovar is a distinct variation within a species of bacteria or virus or among immune cells of different individuals.
Heterophile antibodies are antibodies induced by external antigens that may be shared between species and are not well defined (heterophile antigens).They often have weak avidity for their targets.
A general representation of the method used to produce monoclonal antibodies [1] [2]. A monoclonal antibody (mAb, more rarely called moAb) is an antibody produced from a cell lineage made by cloning a unique white blood cell.
Xenic acid is a proposed noble gas compound with the chemical formula H 2 XeO 4 or XeO 2 (OH) 2.It has not been isolated, and the published characterization data are ambiguous. [2]