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Most guidelines state that no safe amount of alcohol consumption has been established and recommend that pregnant women abstain entirely from alcohol. [39] [40] As there may be some weeks between conception and confirmation of pregnancy, most guidelines also recommend that women trying or likely to become pregnant should avoid alcohol as well.
Globally, one in 10 women drink alcohol during pregnancy. Out of this population, 20% binge drink and have four or more alcoholic drinks per single occasion. [39] The use of alcohol during pregnancy occurs at different rates across the world, potentially due to various cultural differences and legislation.
Caffeine consumption during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of pregnancy loss [5] [41] and increased risk of low birth weight, defined as below 2500 grams (5.5 pounds). [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] The European Food Safety Authority and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists concur that habitual caffeine consumption up to ...
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Since conditions during pregnancy will have long-term effects on adult health, "moderation" should be considered for both dietary and physical activity recommendations. Most importantly, the total recommended pregnancy weight gain depends on pre-pregnant body weight, and weight issues should be addressed before pregnancy.
the guidelines read. Although the current wisdom states that having the occasional drink while pregnant will not cause any lasting harm to a fetus, the practice remains heavily stigmatized in ...
Also provided are additional explanations regarding customization of the Guidelines to individual eating preferences, [3] application of the Guidelines during pregnancy and infancy, [4] the USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review, [5] information about the Nutrition Communicators Network and the MyPlate initiative, [6] information from the ...