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The testing effect (also known as retrieval practice, active recall, practice testing, or test-enhanced learning) [1] [2] [3] suggests long-term memory is increased when part of the learning period is devoted to retrieving information from memory. [4]
Grade retention or grade repetition is the process of a student repeating a grade after failing the previous year.. In the United States of America, grade retention can be used in kindergarten through to third grade; however, students in high school are usually only retained in the specific failed subject.
Types of Long-term Memory. Long-term memory is the site for which information such as facts, physical skills and abilities, procedures and semantic material are stored. Long-term memory is important for the retention of learned information, allowing for a genuine understanding and meaning of ideas and concepts. [6]
Decades of research on memory and recall have produced many different theories and findings on the spacing effect. In a study conducted by Cepeda et al. (2006) participants who used spaced practice on memory tasks outperformed those using massed practice in 259 out of 271 cases.
In the 1950s and 1960s, college instructors in the fields of psychology and the study of education used to research, theory, and experience with their own students in writing manuals. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Marvin Cohn based the advice for parents in his 1978 book Helping Your Teen-Age Student on his experience as a researcher and head of a university ...
A common criticism of repetition research has argued that many of the tests involved have simply measured retention on a short-term scale. A study conducted by Karpicke and Bauernschmidt [14] used this principle to determine the major differences between the different types of repetition. The two focused on studying long-term retention by ...
The learning pyramid (also known as “the cone of learning”, “the learning cone”, “the cone of retention”, “the pyramid of learning”, or “the pyramid of retention”) [1] is a group of ineffective [2] learning models and representations relating different degrees of retention induced from various types of learning.
The forgetting curve hypothesizes the decline of memory retention in time. This curve shows how information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it. [1] A related concept is the strength of memory that refers to the durability that memory traces in the brain. The stronger the memory, the longer period of time that a person is ...