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Dexmedetomidine was developed by Orion Pharma and is marketed under the names dexdor® and Precedex®; in 1999 the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved it as a short-term sedative and analgesic (<24 hours) for critically ill or injured people on mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit. The rationale for its short-term use ...
The pregnancy category of a medication is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother during pregnancy. It does not include any risks conferred by pharmaceutical agents or their metabolites in breast milk. Every drug has specific information listed in its product literature.
Bupivacaine crosses the placenta and is a pregnancy category C drug. However, it is approved for use at term in obstetrical anesthesia. Bupivacaine is excreted in breast milk. Risks of stopping breast feeding versus stopping bupivacaine should be discussed with the patient. [19]
It is a powerful analgesic agent at well below full anesthetic concentrations. [18] [56] [57] [58] [37] Because of its low volatility and very high boiling point (104.8 °C at 1 atmosphere), methoxyflurane has a low vapor pressure at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure.
While its safety in early pregnancy is unclear, [8] it appears to be harmful in later pregnancy, so it is not recommended during that period. [11] Like other NSAIDs, it works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins by decreasing the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). [8] Ibuprofen is a weaker anti-inflammatory agent than other ...
It is unknown if its use during pregnancy is safe for the fetus, but use during a cesarean section appears to be safe. [3] [4] Isoflurane is a halogenated ether. [6] Isoflurane was approved for medical use in the United States in 1979. [4] [7] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [8] [9]
Promethazine is preferred during pregnancy because it is an older drug and there is more data regarding the use of it during pregnancy. Second-choice medications, which are used if Promethazine isn't tolerated or the patient cannot take it, are metoclopramide or prochlorperazine. [15] [13]
Use during pregnancy appears to be safe for the baby. [10] Suxamethonium is in the neuromuscular blocker family of medications and is of the depolarizing type. [7] It works by blocking the action of acetylcholine on skeletal muscles. [7] Suxamethonium was described as early as 1906 and came into medical use in 1951. [5]