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Toddler's diarrhea is characterized by three or more watery stools per day that persist for 2–4 weeks or more. [2] [6] Newborns and infants may normally have soft and frequent stools; however, any noticeable changes in stool frequency or form (i.e. watery) can indicate toddler's diarrhea. [7]
Especially in infants, changes in formula or transitioning from breast milk to formula can cause constipation. 95% of cases of constipation in children are thought to be functional constipation (without a structural or biochemical cause). [2] Treatment of these functional causes can be focused on simply relieving the symptoms. [6]
The following are two of the most common ones. Acute diarrhea is one of the most common. Globally, each of the 140 million children born annually experience an average of 7-30 episodes of diarrhea in the first 5 years of life. Some of the causes are infections, lower levels of zinc or problems with some gastric cells. [5]
Assess the patient to determine if other signs and symptoms are present: flushed face, hot, dry skin, low output, concentrated urine, anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, or vomiting. Older children may complain of sore throat, headaches, aching, and nausea, as well as, other symptoms. [17] Pulse should be checked at distal and proximal sites.
Constipation is more concerning when there is weight loss or anemia, blood is present in the stool, there is a history of inflammatory bowel disease or colon cancer in a person's family, or it is of new onset in someone who is older. [12] Treatment of constipation depends on the underlying cause and the duration that it has been present. [4]
Another absorbent agent used for the treatment of mild diarrhea is kaopectate. Racecadotril an antisecretory medication may be used to treat diarrhea in children and adults. [107] It has better tolerability than loperamide, as it causes less constipation and flatulence. [115] However, it has little benefit in improving acute diarrhea in ...
However, in poor countries treatment for severe infections is often out of reach and persistent diarrhea is common. [21] Dehydration is a common complication of diarrhea . [ 22 ] Severe dehydration in children may be recognized if the skin color and position returns slowly when pressed. [ 23 ]
The main use is for treatment of constipation. In surgery it is used for pre-operative evacuation of the bowel. [3] In diagnostic testing it is used before x-ray examinations or physical examinations of the colon. It is safe for use in children. [4] If used in children under 3 years, it is recommended that the nozzle is only inserted half way. [5]