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  2. Cosmological constant problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_constant_problem

    (more unsolved problems in physics) In cosmology , the cosmological constant problem or vacuum catastrophe is the substantial disagreement between the observed values of vacuum energy density (the small value of the cosmological constant ) and the much larger theoretical value of zero-point energy suggested by quantum field theory .

  3. Gay-Lussac's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay-Lussac's_law

    Some introductory physics textbooks still define the pressure-temperature relationship as Gay-Lussac's law. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Gay-Lussac primarily investigated the relationship between volume and temperature and published it in 1802, but his work did cover some comparison between pressure and temperature. [ 9 ]

  4. Pascal's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal's_law

    Pressure in water and air. Pascal's law applies for fluids. Pascal's principle is defined as: A change in pressure at any point in an enclosed incompressible fluid at rest is transmitted equally and undiminished to all points in all directions throughout the fluid, and the force due to the pressure acts at right angles to the enclosing walls.

  5. Bernoulli's principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli's_principle

    The change in pressure over distance dx is dp and flow velocity v = ⁠ dx / dt ⁠. Apply Newton's second law of motion (force = mass × acceleration) and recognizing that the effective force on the parcel of fluid is −A dp. If the pressure decreases along the length of the pipe, dp is negative but the force resulting in flow is positive ...

  6. Ideal gas law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas_law

    Isotherms of an ideal gas for different temperatures. The curved lines are rectangular hyperbolae of the form y = a/x. They represent the relationship between pressure (on the vertical axis) and volume (on the horizontal axis) for an ideal gas at different temperatures: lines that are farther away from the origin (that is, lines that are nearer to the top right-hand corner of the diagram ...

  7. Torricelli's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torricelli's_law

    Here is fluid speed, is the acceleration due to gravity, is the height above some reference point, is the pressure, and is the density. In order to derive Torricelli's formula the first point with no index is taken at the liquid's surface, and the second just outside the opening.

  8. Vacuum energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_energy

    When two conductive flat plates of the same material are less than about 1000 nanometers apart (about twice the width of a common bacterium), they begin to form an electromagnetic cavity that excludes larger-wavelength components of vacuum energy. This reduces the energy between the plates, creating a pressure imbalance that pushes them together.

  9. Fluid mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_mechanics

    Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. [1]: 3 It has applications in a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, aerospace, civil, chemical, and biomedical engineering, as well as geophysics, oceanography, meteorology, astrophysics, and biology.