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Tropicamide, sold under the brand name Mydriacyl among others, is a medication used to dilate the pupil and help with examination of the eye. [3] Specifically it is used to help examine the back of the eye. [4] It is applied as eye drops. [3] Effects occur within 40 minutes and last for up to a day. [3]
The most important factor that must be taken into account when designing any type of drug delivery device, and specifically ocular devices, is the release rate of a drug. As discussed previously, the deliver rate and kinetics associated with drugs to the eye can reach levels that are toxic to the eye or could even cause undesirable side effects.
Bilastine is an antihistamine medication used to treat hives (), allergic rhinitis and itchy inflamed eyes (allergic conjunctivitis) caused by an allergy. [6] It is a second-generation antihistamine and takes effect by selectively inhibiting the histamine H 1 receptor, preventing these allergic reactions. [7]
The most common side effect is conjunctival hyperaemia (increased bloodflow in the outer layer of the eye), which occurs in over 10% of people taking the drug. Side effects in less than 10% of people include other eye problems such as itching, foreign body sensation or dry eye, as headache or hyperpigmentation (darkening) of the skin around the eye.
A pterygium of the eye (pl.: pterygia or pterygiums, also called surfer's eye) is a pinkish, roughly triangular tissue growth of the conjunctiva onto the cornea of the eye. [2] It typically starts on the cornea near the nose. [ 3 ]
Serious side effects may include allergic reactions and heart failure. [3] Use is not recommended in those with asthma, a sulfonamide allergy, or a slow heart rate. [3] [7] Dorzolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and timolol is a beta blocker. [3] Both work by decreasing the amount of aqueous humor made by the eye. [3]
Dorzolamide, sold under the brand name Trusopt among others, is a medication used to treat high pressure inside the eye, including in cases of glaucoma. [3] It is used as an eye drop. [3] Effects begin within three hours and last for at least eight hours. [3] It is also available as the combination dorzolamide/timolol. [3] [4]
Bepotastine is available as an ophthalmic solution and oral tablet. It is a direct H 1-receptor antagonist that inhibits the release of histamine from mast cells. [3] The ophthalmic formulation has shown minimal systemic absorption, between 1 and 1.5% in healthy adults. [4]