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Ezra (fl. fifth or fourth century BCE) [1] [a] [b] is the main character of the Book of Ezra. According to the Hebrew Bible, he was an important Jewish scribe and priest in the early Second Temple period. In the Greek Septuagint, the name is rendered as Ésdrās (Ἔσδρας), from which the Latin name Esdras comes.
The Book of Ezra is a book of the Hebrew Bible which formerly included the Book of Nehemiah in a single book, commonly distinguished in scholarship as Ezra–Nehemiah.The two became separated with the first printed rabbinic bibles of the early 16th century, following late medieval Latin Christian tradition. [1]
According to Jewish tradition, the Torah was recompiled by Ezra during Second Temple period. [45] [46] The Talmud says that Ezra changed the script used to write the Torah from the older Hebrew script to the "Assyrian" script, so called according to the Talmud, because they brought it with them from Assyria. [47]
In the 19th century and for much of the 20th, it was believed that Chronicles and Ezra–Nehemiah came from the same author or circle of authors (similar to the traditional view which held Ezra to be the author of all three), but the usual view among modern scholars is that the differences between Chronicles and Ezra–Nehemiah are greater than the similarities, and that Ezra–Nehemiah itself ...
Mosaic authorship is the Judeo-Christian tradition that the Torah, the first five books of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, were dictated by God to Moses. [1] The tradition probably began with the legalistic code of the Book of Deuteronomy and was then gradually extended until Moses, as the central character, came to be regarded not just as the mediator of law but as author of both laws and ...
The Torah itself attributes certain sections to Mosaic authorship. [note 1] In later biblical texts, such as Daniel 9:11 and Ezra 3:2, it is called the "Torah of Moses". [8] According to Rabbinic tradition, the five books of the Torah were written by Moses, with the exception of the last eight verses of Deuteronomy which describe his death. [9]
Ezra was worthy of being the vehicle of the Torah, had it not been already given through Moses. [2] The Torah was forgotten, but Ezra restored it. [3] Were it not for its sins, Israel in the time of Ezra would have witnessed miracles as in the time of Joshua. [4] Ezra was the disciple of Baruch ben Neriah.
A minority of scholars such as Niels Peter Lemche, Philippe Wajdenbaum, Russell Gmirkin, and Thomas L. Thompson have argued that the Elephantine papyri demonstrate that monotheism and the Torah could not have been established in Jewish culture before 400 BCE, and that the Torah was therefore likely written in the Hellenistic period, in the ...