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X-ray reflectivity (sometimes known as X-ray specular reflectivity, X-ray reflectometry, or XRR) is a surface-sensitive analytical technique used in chemistry, physics, and materials science to characterize surfaces, thin films and multilayers.
X-ray optics is the branch of optics dealing with X-rays, rather than visible light. It deals with focusing and other ways of manipulating the X-ray beams for research techniques such as X-ray diffraction , X-ray crystallography , X-ray fluorescence , small-angle X-ray scattering , X-ray microscopy , X-ray phase-contrast imaging , and X-ray ...
X-ray mirrors can be built, but only if the angle from the plane of reflection is very low (typically 10 arc-minutes to 2 degrees). [2] These are called glancing (or grazing ) incidence mirrors . In 1952, Hans Wolter outlined three ways a telescope could be built using only this kind of mirror.
The angle of incidence, in geometric optics, is the angle between a ray incident on a surface and the line perpendicular (at 90 degree angle) to the surface at the point of incidence, called the normal. The ray can be formed by any waves, such as optical, acoustic, microwave, and X-ray. In the figure below, the line representing a ray makes an ...
Diagram showing vectors used to define the BRDF. All vectors are unit length. points toward the light source. points toward the viewer (camera). is the surface normal.. The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), symbol (,), is a function of four real variables that defines how light from a source is reflected off an opaque surface. It is employed in the optics of real-world ...
It is named after Paul Kirkpatrick and Albert Baez, the inventors of the X-ray microscope. [1] Although X-rays can be focused by compound refractive lenses, these also reduce the intensity of the beam and are therefore undesirable. KB mirrors, on the other hand, can focus beams to small spot sizes with minimal loss of intensity.
Ray diagram illustrating the physics of the Goos–Hänchen effect. The Goos–Hänchen effect (named after Hermann Fritz Gustav Goos (1883–1968) and Hilda Hänchen (1919–2013) is an optical phenomenon in which linearly polarized light undergoes a small lateral shift when totally internally reflected. The shift is perpendicular to the ...