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Notice that B − A is clearly the pipe length, which is distance along z, and D is the circumference. Multiplying those gives Ar the heat exchanger area of the pipe, and use this fact: Q = U A r B − A ∫ A B Δ T d z = U A r ∫ A B Δ T d z ∫ A B d z {\displaystyle Q={\frac {UAr}{B-A}}\int _{A}^{B}\Delta T\,dz={\frac {UAr\displaystyle ...
The effectiveness-NTU method is very useful for all the flow arrangements (besides parallel flow, cross flow, and counterflow ones) but the effectiveness of all other types must be obtained by a numerical solution of the partial differential equations and there is no analytical equation for LMTD or effectiveness.
For example, a refrigerator uses a condenser to get rid of heat extracted from the interior of the unit to the outside air. Condensers are used in air conditioning, industrial chemical processes such as distillation, steam power plants, and other heat-exchange systems. The use of cooling water or surrounding air as the coolant is common in many ...
Alternatively, a liquid-to-liquid or similar heat exchanger may be used instead. The high-temperature system transfers heat to a conventional condenser that carries the entire heat output of the system and may be passive, fan, or water-cooled. This is an auto-cascade process with two different refrigerants.
Fractionation at total reflux. The Fenske equation in continuous fractional distillation is an equation used for calculating the minimum number of theoretical plates required for the separation of a binary feed stream by a fractionation column that is being operated at total reflux (i.e., which means that no overhead product distillate is being withdrawn from the column).
A Dimroth condenser, also known as a spiral condenser, named after Otto Dimroth, is somewhat similar to the coil condenser; it has an internal double spiral through which coolant flows such that the coolant inlet and outlet are both at the top. [19] [20] The vapors travel through the jacket from bottom to top. Dimroth condensers are more ...
The heat pump itself can be improved by increasing the size of the internal heat exchangers, which in turn increases the efficiency (and the cost) relative to the power of the compressor, and also by reducing the system's internal temperature gap over the compressor. Obviously, this latter measure makes some heat pumps unsuitable to produce ...
In computational mechanics, Guyan reduction, [1] also known as static condensation, is a dimensionality reduction method which reduces the number of degrees of freedom by ignoring the inertial terms of the equilibrium equations and expressing the unloaded degrees of freedom in terms of the loaded degrees of freedom.