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In the absence of a definition of terrorism, the struggle over the representation of a violent act is a struggle over its legitimacy. The more confused a concept, the more it lends itself to opportunistic appropriation. [40] As scholar Bruce Hoffman (1998) has noted: "terrorism is a pejorative term. It is a word with intrinsically negative ...
Bruce R. Hoffman (born 1954) is an American political analyst.He specializes in the study of terrorism, counter-terrorism, insurgency, and counter-insurgency.Hoffman serves as the Shelby Cullom and Kathryn W. Davis Senior Fellow for Counterterrorism and Homeland Security on the Council on Foreign Relations, and is a professor at the School of Foreign Service of Georgetown University. [1]
Counterterrorism analyst Bruce Hoffman has noted that it is not only individual agencies within the same governmental apparatus that cannot agree on a single definition of terrorism; experts and other long-established scholars in the field are equally incapable of reaching a consensus. [34]
Religious terrorism is intimately connected to current forces of geopolitics. Bruce Hoffman has characterized modern religious terrorism as having three traits: The perpetrators must use religious scriptures to justify or explain their violent acts or to gain recruits. [7] Clerical figures must be involved in leadership roles. [3]: 90
The economics of terrorism is a branch of economics dedicated to the study of terrorism.It involves using the tools of economic analysis to analyse issues related to terrorism, such as the link between education, poverty and terrorism, the effect of macroeconomic conditions on the frequency and quality of terrorism, the economic costs of terrorism, and the economics of counter-terrorism. [1]
It seems dire predictions of political violence are now commonly issued both by the country’s extreme fringes as well as from the mainstream, write Bruce Hoffman and Jacob Ware.
Annan added, "regardless of the differences between governments on the question of the definition of terrorism, what is clear and what we can all agree on is any deliberate attack on innocent civilians [or non-combatants], regardless of one's cause, is unacceptable and fits into the definition of terrorism." [102] Dr. Bruce Hoffman has argued ...
Financial terrorism (also known as economic terrorism) most commonly refers to the secret manipulation of a nation's economy by state or non-state actors. [2] However, economic terrorism may also be unconcealed, arguably in the name of economic sanctions. [3] Economic terrorism targets civilians of nations or groups in the pursuit of political ...