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The first Fatimid invasion of Egypt occurred in 914–915, soon after the establishment of the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya in 909. The Fatimids launched an expedition east, against the Abbasid Caliphate, under the Berber General Habasa ibn Yusuf.
The ambition to carry the revolution eastward had to be postponed after the failure of two successive invasions of Egypt, led by al-Qa'im, in 914–915 and 919–921. [15] In addition, the Fatimid regime was as yet unstable.
The Fatimid dynasty came to power in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia and northeastern Algeria) in 909.The Fatimids had fled their home in Syria a few years before, and made for the Maghreb, where their agents had made considerable headway in converting the Kutama Berbers to the Fatimid-sponsored Isma'ili branch of Shi'a Islam.
He suppressed a Kutama revolt that broke out after the murder of Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i, captured Barqa, and led two invasions of Egypt, in 914–915 and 919–921. The Fatimids were able to capture Alexandria and threaten the capital, Fustat, but ultimately failed due to strong Abbasid resistance, logistical challenges, and the indiscipline of ...
At their height, the Fatimids claimed control or suzerainty over much of North Africa, Sicily, Egypt, the Levant, the Hejaz, Yemen, and Multan. The Fatimids' claimed pedigree of descent from Fatima and Ali was central to their legitimacy as the legitimate imams in an unbroken, divinely ordained line from Ali onwards.
Initial Fatimid success in Libya and western Egypt. Fatimids pushed back after failed attempts to conquer the Egyptian capital Fustat. al-Qa'im and the remnants of his army abandoned Alexandria and returned to Ifriqiya in May 915 after Abbasid reinforcements from Syria and Iraq under Mu'nis al-Muzaffar arrived to Egypt. Al-Muqtadir
The local governor Takin al-Khazari however defeated the Fatimids at Gizah, and the arrival of the Abbasid commander Mu'nis al-Muzaffar in April 915 drove the Fatimids out of the country entirely. The expedition's only gain was Barqah , a useful base for future operations against Egypt.
The Abbasids were able to repulse Fatimid invasions of Egypt in 914–915 and 919–921. In 935, after repulsing another Fatimid attack, the Turkish commander Muhammad ibn Tughj became the de facto ruler of Egypt with the title of al-Ikhshid. [44]