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The Society of American Indians (1911–1923) was the first national American Indian rights organization run by and for American Indians. [1] The Society pioneered twentieth century Pan-Indianism , the movement promoting unity among American Indians regardless of tribal affiliation.
The independence gained by tribes from dealing with the Office of Economic Opportunity helped change the dynamic of Indian affairs in relation to the federal government. The Native American Rights Fund (NARF) is a national legal-advocacy and nonprofit organization founded by Indians in 1970 to assist Indians in their legal battles.
The Indian removal was the United States government's policy of ethnic cleansing through the forced displacement of self-governing tribes of American Indians from their ancestral homelands in the eastern United States to lands west of the Mississippi River—specifically, to a designated Indian Territory (roughly, present-day Oklahoma), which ...
A century ago, when Congress passed the Indian Citizenship Act, key questions about Native sovereignty were left unresolved. The Ambivalent History of Indigenous Citizenship Skip to main content
By 1911, the national press compared Cornelius and other early leaders of the Society of American Indians to Booker T. Washington in their calls for self-help and the uplift of the "Indian race." As one of the founders of the Society of American Indians, Kellogg asked the leadership to make a commitment to Indian self-sufficiency and independence.
The Civil War forged the U.S. into a more centralized and nationalistic country, fueling a "full bore assault on tribal culture and institutions", and pressure for Native Americans to assimilate. [3] In the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871, Congress prohibited any future treaties. This move was steadfastly opposed by Native Americans. [3]
In the 20th century, Native Americans served in significant numbers during World War II, marking a turning point for Indigenous visibility and involvement in broader American society. Post-war, Native activism grew, with movements such as the American Indian Movement (AIM) drawing attention to Indigenous rights.
Once their territories were incorporated into the United States, surviving Native Americans were denied equality before the law and often treated as wards of the state. [35] Many Native Americans were moved to reservations—constituting 4% of U.S. territory. In a number of cases, treaties signed with Native Americans were violated.