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This depth is converted to a flow rate according to a theoretical formula of the form = where is the flow rate, is a constant, is the water level, and is an exponent which varies with the device used; or it is converted according to empirically derived level/flow data points (a "flow curve"). The flow rate can then be integrated over time into ...
The method is capable of measuring an entire two-dimensional cross section (geometry) of the flow field simultaneously. High speed data processing allows the generation of large numbers of image pairs which, on a personal computer may be analysed in real time or at a later time, and a high quantity of near-continuous information may be gained.
Since it is a measurement of a light-to-light ratio, the energy units cancel out, and Rrs has the units of per steradian (sr-1) due to the angular nature of the measurement (upwelling light is measured at a specific angle, and incoming light is measured on a flat plane from a half-hemispherical area above the water surface).
The energy balance of groundwater flow can be applied to flow of groundwater to subsurface drains. [2] The computer program EnDrain [3] compares the outcome of the traditional drain spacing equation, based on Darcy's law together with the continuity equation (i.e. conservation of mass), with the solution obtained by the energy balance and it can be seen that drain spacings are wider in the ...
Mathematically, for the spectral power distribution of a radiant exitance or irradiance one may write: =where M(λ) is the spectral irradiance (or exitance) of the light (SI units: W/m 2 = kg·m −1 ·s −3); Φ is the radiant flux of the source (SI unit: watt, W); A is the area over which the radiant flux is integrated (SI unit: square meter, m 2); and λ is the wavelength (SI unit: meter, m).
A tea light-type candle, imaged with a luminance camera; false colors indicate luminance levels per the bar on the right (cd/m 2). Luminance is a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction. [1]
The secondary point of measurement (Hb) for a Parshall flume is located in the throat, measuring Hb can be difficult as flow in the throat of the flume is turbulent and prone to fluctuations in the water level. Typically, 90% is viewed as the upper limit for which corrections for submerged flow are practical. [13]
Many different units of measure are used for photometric measurements. The adjective "bright" can refer to a light source which delivers a high luminous flux (measured in lumens), or to a light source which concentrates the luminous flux it has into a very narrow beam (candelas), or to a light source that is seen against a dark background.
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