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On top, the chords form an arch of nine tangential castings of an inverted-U cast-iron bars which compress in response to a load. They are matched by bottom chords of two lines of nine wrought-iron open links, made from one-and-a-half-inch (38 mm) square bars, which restrain the compression.
Wrought iron is a form of commercial iron containing less than 0.10% of carbon, less than 0.25% of impurities total of sulfur, phosphorus, silicon and manganese, and less than 2% slag by weight. [18] [19] Wrought iron is redshort or hot short if it contains sulfur in excess quantity. It has sufficient tenacity when cold, but cracks when bent or ...
Jacques Balmat carrying an axe and an alpenstock An 1872 diagram of an early ice axe, showing how the alpenstock was modified by the addition of a pick and an adze. An alpenstock (German: Alpen-"alpine" + Stock "stick, staff") is a long wooden pole with an iron spike tip, used by shepherds for travel on snowfields and glaciers in the Alps since the Middle Ages.
The origins of the shepherd's leap may date back to the Guanches, the aboriginal inhabitants of the islands prior to the Castilian conquest period of the early 15th century. Canarian shepherds required a specialised means of transporting themselves safely across ravines and down steep embankments, and settled on the use of long wooden poles ...
Shepherd's hut in Loch Ewe. The shepherd's hut (or shepherd's wagon) was, since the 14th century [1] and into the 20th century, used by shepherds during sheep raising and lambing, primarily in the United Kingdom and France. [2] Shepherd's huts often had iron wheels and corrugated iron tops. Sometimes the sides were also made of corrugated iron.
An iron railing is a fence made of iron. This may either be wrought iron, which is ductile and durable and may be hammered into elaborate shapes when hot, or the cheaper cast iron, which is of low ductility and quite brittle. Cast iron can also produce complicated shapes, but these are created through the use of moulds of compressed sand rather ...
Cast iron development lagged in Europe because wrought iron was the desired product and the intermediate step of producing cast iron involved an expensive blast furnace and further refining of pig iron to cast iron, which then required a labor and capital intensive conversion to wrought iron.
Wagonways (also spelt Waggonways), also known as horse-drawn railways and horse-drawn railroad consisted of the horses, equipment and tracks used for hauling wagons, which preceded steam-powered railways. The terms plateway, tramway, dramway, were used. The advantage of wagonways was that far bigger loads could be transported with the same power.