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  2. Plant–animal interaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant–animal_interaction

    Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. Plant parasites are a common term for sap-sucking insects like aphids. [19]

  3. Biological interaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_interaction

    Parasitism is a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. [20] The parasite either feeds on the host, or, in the case of intestinal parasites, consumes some of its food.

  4. Commensalism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commensalism

    Remora are specially adapted to attach themselves to larger fish (or other animals, in this case a sea turtle) that provide locomotion and food.. Commensalism is a long-term biological interaction in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed. [1]

  5. Competition (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_(biology)

    Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which both require one or more resources that are in limited supply (such as food, water, or territory). [1] Competition lowers the fitness of both organisms involved since the presence of one of the organisms always reduces the amount of the resource available to the other. [2]

  6. Mutualism (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)

    Mutualistic relationships can be thought of as a form of "biological barter" [10] in mycorrhizal associations between plant roots and fungi, with the plant providing carbohydrates to the fungus in return for primarily phosphate but also nitrogenous compounds.

  7. Parasparopagraho Jivanam - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasparopagraho_Jivanam

    Ecology is the branch of biology which deals with the relations of organisms to their surroundings and to other organisms. The ancient Jain scriptural aphorism Parasparopagraho Jīvānām (All life is bound together by mutual support and interdependence) is refreshingly contemporary in its premise and perspective. It defines the scope of modern ...

  8. Coevolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coevolution

    At least three aspects of flowers appear to have coevolved between flowering plants and insects, because they involve communication between these organisms. Firstly, flowers communicate with their pollinators by scent; insects use this scent to determine how far away a flower is, to approach it, and to identify where to land and finally to feed.

  9. Symbiosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis

    These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world's oceans. [47] Mutualism improves both organism's competitive ability and will outcompete organisms of the same species that lack the symbiont. [48]