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Especially in infants, changes in formula or transitioning from breast milk to formula can cause constipation. 95% of cases of constipation in children are thought to be functional constipation (without a structural or biochemical cause). [2] Treatment of these functional causes can be focused on simply relieving the symptoms. [6]
Spinal cord injury and other neurological problems mostly affect the lower GI tract (i.e., jejunum, ileum, and colon) leading to symptoms of incontinence or constipation. However, the upper GI tract (i.e., esophagus, stomach, and duodenum) may also be affected and patients with NBD often present with multiple symptoms.
In the type without constipation, the feces are usually well-formed, soiling is intermittent, and feces are usually deposited in a prominent location. This form may be associated with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) or conduct disorder , or may be the consequence of large anal insertions, or more likely due to chronic encopresis that has ...
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Constipation is a bowel dysfunction that makes bowel movements infrequent or hard to pass. [2] The stool is often hard and dry. [4] Other symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, and feeling as if one has not completely passed the bowel movement. [3] Complications from constipation may include hemorrhoids, anal fissure or fecal impaction. [4]
Biofeedback has been shown to improve symptoms (improved frequency of bowel movements, reduced straining) and also reduce need for laxatives, [16] and patients stop needing to self-digitate. [24] Biofeedback can successfully treat abnormal contraction and relaxation of muscles in the anorectum during defecation. [ 24 ]
Individuals prone to DIOS tend to be at risk for repeated episodes and often require maintenance therapy with pancreatic enzyme replacement, hydration and laxatives (if the symptoms are also mild). [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Oral contrast instillation into the colon/ileum under radiological control has been found to reduce the need for surgical intervention.
Where anismus causes constipation, it is an example of functional constipation. Many authors describe an "obstructed defecation syndrome", of which anismus is a cause. [24] The Rome II classification functional defecation disorders were divided into 3 types, [25] however the symptoms the patient experiences are identical. [26]