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Both Pearson Edexcel and CAIE offer International GCSE qualifications. O-Level qualification has become a replacement for the matriculation qualification (SSC) offered by the Government boards of education. However, due to the high costs associated with IGCSE qualifications, their reach is limited to middle to elite class families.
Alternative qualifications in Pakistan are available but are maintained by other examination boards instead of BISE. Most common alternative is the General Certificate of Education (or GCE), where SSC and HSSC are replaced by Ordinary Level (or O Level) and Advanced Level (or A Level) respectively.
Gujranwala: 1976 Gujranwala District, Gujrat District, Mandi Bahauddin District, Hafizabad District, Narowal District, Sialkot District [7] Lahore: 1954 Lahore District, Sheikhupura District, Nankana Sahib District, Kasur District [8] Multan: 1968 Multan District, Khanewal District, Vehari District, Lodhran District [9] [10] Rawalpindi: 1977
An O-level is a qualification of its own right, but more often taken in prerequisite for the more in-depth and academically rigorous Advanced Level exams. It is usually taken by students during the final two years of Senior secondary school (Grade 10 & 11 (usually ages 15–16)) or external (non-school) candidate.
The CSE broadly covered GCSE grades C–G or 4–1 and the O-Level covered grades A*–C or 9–4, but the two were independent qualifications, with different grading systems. The separate qualifications were criticised for disadvantaging the bottom 42% of O-Level entrants, who failed to receive a qualification, and the highest-achieving CSE ...
An example comes from considering a scalar field in D-dimensional Minkowski space.Consider a Lagrangian density given by (,).The action is = (,). The Euler–Lagrange equation for this action can be found by varying the field and its derivative and setting the variation to zero, and is:
[citation needed] The term "Bohmian mechanics" is also often used to include most of the further extensions past the spin-less version of Bohm. [ citation needed ] While de Broglie–Bohm theory has Lagrangians and Hamilton-Jacobi equations as a primary focus and backdrop, with the icon of the quantum potential , Bohmian mechanics considers the ...
In modern physics, the double-slit experiment demonstrates that light and matter can exhibit behavior of both classical particles and classical waves.This type of experiment was first performed by Thomas Young in 1801, as a demonstration of the wave behavior of visible light. [1]