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A convolutional neural network (CNN) is a regularized type of feed-forward neural network that learns features by itself via filter (or kernel) optimization. This type of deep learning network has been applied to process and make predictions from many different types of data including text, images and audio. [1]
The network is trained by minimizing the euclidean distance between the image and the output of a CNN that reconstructs the input from the output of the terminal capsules. [1] The network is discriminatively trained, using iterative routing-by-agreement. [1] The activity vectors of all but the correct parent are masked. [1]
Some artificial neural networks are adaptive systems and are used for example to model populations and environments, which constantly change. Neural networks can be hardware- (neurons are represented by physical components) or software-based (computer models), and can use a variety of topologies and learning algorithms.
As the image illustrated below, if only a small portion of the image is shown, it is very difficult to tell what the image is about. Mouth. Even try another portion of the image, it is still difficult to classify the image. Left eye. However, if we increase the contextual of the image, then it makes more sense to recognize. Increased field of ...
An example is provided by Hinton and Salakhutdinov [24] where the encoder uses raw data (e.g., image) as input and produces feature or representation as output and the decoder uses the extracted feature from the encoder as input and reconstructs the original input raw data as output. The encoder and decoder are constructed by stacking multiple ...
General scheme of content-based image retrieval. Content-based image retrieval, also known as query by image content and content-based visual information retrieval (CBVIR), is the application of computer vision techniques to the image retrieval problem, that is, the problem of searching for digital images in large databases (see this survey [1] for a scientific overview of the CBIR field).
Take LDA for an example. To model natural scene images using LDA, an analogy is made with document analysis: the image category is mapped to the document category; the mixture proportion of themes maps the mixture proportion of topics; the theme index is mapped to topic index; the codeword is mapped to the word.
This idea is motivated by the fact that some binary patterns occur more commonly in texture images than others. A local binary pattern is called uniform if the binary pattern contains at most two 0-1 or 1-0 transitions. For example, 00010000 (2 transitions) is a uniform pattern, but 01010100 (6 transitions) is not.