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Surface runoff (also known as overland flow or terrestrial runoff) is the unconfined flow of water over the ground surface, in contrast to channel runoff (or stream flow). It occurs when excess rainwater , stormwater , meltwater , or other sources, can no longer sufficiently rapidly infiltrate in the soil .
Hydroseeding in the United Kingdom Tateyama SabÅ Erosion Control Works Service Train (description page) Erosion control construction entrance (description page) Erosion control is the practice of preventing or controlling wind or water erosion in agriculture, land development, coastal areas, river banks and construction.
Stormwater harvesting or stormwater reuse is the collection, accumulation, treatment or purification, and storage of stormwater for its eventual reuse. While rainwater harvesting collects precipitation primarily from rooftops, stormwater harvesting deals with collection of runoff from creeks, gullies, ephemeral streams and underground conveyance.
The surface layer of the LID receives both direct rainfall and runon from other areas. It loses water through infiltration into the soil layer below it, by evapotranspiration (ET) of any water stored in depression storage and vegetative capture, and by any surface runoff that might occur.
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the process of collecting and storing rainwater rather than letting it run off. Rainwater harvesting systems are increasingly becoming an integral part of the sustainable rainwater management "toolkit" [5] and are widely used in homes, home-scale projects, schools and hospitals for a variety of purposes including watering gardens, livestock, [6] irrigation, home ...
If the runoff coefficient and areas of proposed stormwater green solutions like rain gardens and bioswales for the site are known, the reduction in overall runoff from these improvements can be estimated. More accurate runoff footprint tools exist. By using computer modeling and detailed weather data, complex runoff footprints can be made easy.
Stormwater runoff has been an issue since humans began living in concentrated villages or urban settings. During the Bronze Age, housing took a more concentrated form, and impervious surfaces emerged as a factor in the design of early human settlements. Some of the early incorporation of stormwater engineering is evidenced in Ancient Greece. [37]
A well known runoff model is the linear reservoir, but in practice it has limited applicability. The runoff model with a non-linear reservoir is more universally applicable, but still it holds only for catchments whose surface area is limited by the condition that the rainfall can be considered more or less uniformly distributed over the area ...