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Contributing structures of the carbonate ion. In chemistry, resonance, also called mesomerism, is a way of describing bonding in certain molecules or polyatomic ions by the combination of several contributing structures (or forms, [1] also variously known as resonance structures or canonical structures) into a resonance hybrid (or hybrid structure) in valence bond theory.
In chemistry, the mesomeric effect (or resonance effect) is a property of substituents or functional groups in a chemical compound.It is defined as the polarity produced in the molecule by the interaction of two pi bonds or between a pi bond and lone pair of electrons present on an adjacent atom. [1]
Clar's rule states that for a benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (i.e. one with only hexagonal rings), the resonance structure with the largest number of disjoint aromatic π-sextets is the most important to characterize its chemical and physical properties. Such a resonance structure is called a Clar structure. In other words, a ...
5 resonance structures of phosphorus pentafluoride. However other models describe the bonding using only s and p orbitals in agreement with the octet rule. A valence bond description of PF 5 uses resonance between different PF 4 + F − structures, so that each F is bonded by a covalent bond in four structures and an ionic bond in one structure.
Expressing resonance when drawing Lewis structures may be done either by drawing each of the possible resonance forms and placing double-headed arrows between them or by using dashed lines to represent the partial bonds (although the latter is a good representation of the resonance hybrid which is not, formally speaking, a Lewis structure ...
The structure of an amide can be described also as a resonance between two alternative structures: neutral (A) and zwitterionic (B). It is estimated that for acetamide , structure A makes a 62% contribution to the structure, while structure B makes a 28% contribution (these figures do not sum to 100% because there are additional less-important ...
Resonance structures of an enolate anion. In organic chemistry , enolates are organic anions derived from the deprotonation of carbonyl ( RR'C=O ) compounds. Rarely isolated, they are widely used as reagents in the synthesis of organic compounds .
Two different resonance forms of benzene (top) combine to produce an average structure (bottom). In organic chemistry, aromaticity is a chemical property describing the way in which a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals exhibits a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone.