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In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical law which states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to that distance—that is, F s = kx, where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (i.e., its stiffness), and x is small compared to the total possible deformation of the spring.
The first constitutive equation (constitutive law) was developed by Robert Hooke and is known as Hooke's law.It deals with the case of linear elastic materials.Following this discovery, this type of equation, often called a "stress-strain relation" in this example, but also called a "constitutive assumption" or an "equation of state" was commonly used.
Generally, at constant temperature, the bulk modulus is defined by: = (). The easiest way to get an equation of state linking P and V is to assume that K is constant, that is to say, independent of pressure and deformation of the solid, then we simply find Hooke's law.
This relationship is known as Hooke's law. A geometry-dependent version of the idea [a] was first formulated by Robert Hooke in 1675 as a Latin anagram, "ceiiinosssttuv". He published the answer in 1678: "Ut tensio, sic vis" meaning "As the extension, so the force", [5] [6] a linear relationship commonly referred to as Hooke's law.
The elastic components, as previously mentioned, can be modeled as springs of elastic constant E, given the formula: = where σ is the stress, E is the elastic modulus of the material, and ε is the strain that occurs under the given stress, similar to Hooke's law.
Expressed in terms of components with respect to a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system, the governing equations of linear elasticity are: [1]. Equation of motion: , + = where the (), subscript is a shorthand for () / and indicates /, = is the Cauchy stress tensor, is the body force density, is the mass density, and is the displacement.
The slope of the curve is Hooke's constant "k". The bottom part has schematic pictures of the spring states corresponding to some points of the plot; the arrows represent the forces that need to be applied to the left (free) end to obtain each state. The central picture represents the spring's relaxed state, when no force is applied.
For example, an invariant with respect to the group of proper orthogonal transformations, called SO(3), is a quantity that remains constant under arbitrary 3D rotations. C {\displaystyle \mathbf {C} } possesses two linear invariants and seven quadratic invariants with respect to SO(3). [ 12 ]