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Pope Alexander VII (Italian: Alessandro VII; 13 February 1599 – 22 May 1667), born Fabio Chigi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 7 April 1655 to his death, in May 1667. [1] [2] He began his career as a vice-papal legate, and he held various diplomatic positions in the Holy See.
The Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura (Latin: Supremum Tribunal Signaturae Apostolicae) is the highest judicial authority in the Catholic Church (apart from the pope himself, who as supreme ecclesiastical judge is the final point of appeal for any ecclesiastical judgment). [1]
XII Apostoli (received the title on 15 March 1666), then cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono (1 December 1681), cardinal-priest of S. Maria in Trastevere (13 November 1684), cardinal-bishop of Sabina (28 February 1689), cardinal-bishop of Palestrina (8 August 1691), cardinal-bishop of Porto e S. Rufina (27 January 1698), † 29 June 1698
Members of the College of Cardinals urged him to reconsider appointing members of his family to positions of power, and he eventually relented, naming fellow members of his Chigi family to the papal government and appointing a cardinal nephew. [1] The diplomatic relationship between France and the Papal States became worse while Alexander was pope.
Literally these phrases mean "only by your favor" and "both fatherland and heart". Testa explained to Pope John XXIII that the shield meant "I am a cardinal because of you alone", and the motto meant "because I am from Bergamo and a friend". [75] Pope Francis was the first pope to include the motto in his heraldic achievements. [76]
The Hermeneutics of the Second Vatican Council, or the Hermeneutics of Vatican II, refers to the different interpretations of the Second Vatican Council given by theologians and historians in relation to the Roman Catholic Church in the period following the Council.
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The term "cardinal virtues" (virtutes cardinales) was first used by the 4th-century theologian Ambrose, [1] who defined the four virtues as "temperance, justice, prudence, and fortitude". [2] These were also named as cardinal virtues by Augustine of Hippo , and were subsequently adopted by the Catholic Church .