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Tundra vegetation is composed of dwarf shrubs, sedges, grasses, mosses, and lichens. Scattered trees grow in some tundra regions. The ecotone (or ecological boundary region) between the tundra and the forest is known as the tree line or timberline. The tundra soil is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus. [2]
Animal species that are endangered in the tundra include the Arctic fox, caribou, and polar bears. These animals have been endangered due to overhunting, an infestation of disease, loss of diet and habitat due to climate change, and human destructive activities, such as searches for natural gas and oil, mining, and road building. [10]
Arctic ecology is the scientific study of the relationships between biotic and abiotic factors in the arctic, the region north of the Arctic Circle (66° 33’N). [1] This region is characterized by two biomes: taiga (or boreal forest) and tundra. [2]
Ukok Plateau, one of the last remnants of the mammoth steppe [1]. The mammoth steppe, also known as steppe-tundra, was once the Earth's most extensive biome.During glacial periods in the later Pleistocene it stretched east-to-west, from the Iberian Peninsula in the west of Europe, then across Eurasia and through Beringia (the region including the far northeast of Siberia, Alaska and the now ...
This area supports wetland plants especially sedges and grasses, mosses and lichens, and right on the coast there are peat bogs.Trees such as dwarf birch, willows, northern Labrador tea and alders grow in the warmer areas of the region, the Mackenzie River delta and the Yukon coast.
The Solutrean people lived between a forest steppe and a steppe tundra. This area had the highest probability of containing human refugia during the LGM. [12] Parts of Italy and extending into Romania contained the Epi-Gravettian cultures. [13] About 5,000–130,000 people lived in Europe during the LGM. [14] [15]
Death mask from a grave of the Tashtyk culture (1st-5th century AD, Minusinsk Hollow). The Prehistory of Siberia is marked by several archaeologically distinct cultures. In the Chalcolithic, the cultures of western and southern Siberia were pastoralists, while the eastern taiga and the tundra were dominated by hunter-gatherers until the Late Middle Ages and even beyond.
East Antarctic tundra: Eastern Antarctica: Ellsworth Land tundra: Ellsworth Land: Ellsworth Mountains tundra: Ellsworth Mountains: Enderby Land tundra: Enderby Land: Marie Byrd Land tundra: Marie Byrd Land: North Victoria Land tundra: Victoria Land: Northeast Antarctic Peninsula tundra: Antarctic Peninsula: Northwest Antarctic Peninsula tundra ...