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Occasionally, during pregnancy, there is a single umbilical artery (SUA) present in the umbilical cord, as opposed to the usual two. [1] This is sometimes also called a two-vessel umbilical cord, or two-vessel cord. Approximately, this affects between 1 in 100 and 1 in 500 pregnancies, making it the most common umbilical abnormality.
Features secondary to VACTERL components are frequent enough to be considered an extension of VACTERL. These include: single umbilical artery, ambiguous genitalia, abdominal wall defects, diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal and respiratory anomalies, and oligohydramnios sequence defects. [4] [8] Cardiac defects are thought to fit in this category. [4]
Post-placental hypoxia is associated with mechanical obstructions of the umbilical cords, reduced uterine artery flow, progressive fetal cardiac failure, and genetic anomalies. [ 12 ] [ 14 ] The perinatal brain injury occurring as a result of birth asphyxia, manifesting within 48 hours of birth, is a form of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy .
The most prevalent defect in about 1% of fetuses' umbilical region is a single umbilical artery. [30] When a single umbilical artery is found, more tests are run including a detailed ultrasound to detect any other developmental abnormalities that may be the result of the single artery, genetic deviation, or other causes.
The umbilical arteries are actually the anterior division of the internal iliac arteries, and retain part of this function after birth. [3] The umbilical arteries are one of two arteries in the human body, that carry deoxygenated blood, the other being the pulmonary arteries. The pressure inside the umbilical artery is approximately 50 mmHg. [4]
Normal umbilical cord insertion and velamentous umbilical cord insertion in pregnancy, with and without vasa previa. Specialty: Obstetrics Symptoms: Blood vessel compression, [1] [2] decrease in blood supply to the fetus, [2] [3] impaired growth and development of the fetus. [4] [5] Risk factors
Coils occur in about 25% of cases and ordinarily do no harm, but occasionally they may be so tight that constriction of the umbilical vessels and consequent hypoxia result.” [citation needed] Williams Obstetrics 16th Edition, has only one single sentence in the entire textbook regarding cords around the neck. [8]
The median umbilical ligament was jokingly referred to as "Xander's ligament" in a YouTube video published by Dr. Alexander R. Toftness (aka. ARTexplains on YouTube), and this name was subsequently used on Wikipedia for a short time. [6] This term was later used in a paper published in Mayo Clinic Proceedings.