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Nicotine is a hygroscopic, colorless [83] to yellow-brown, oily liquid, that is readily soluble in alcohol, ether or light petroleum. It is miscible with water in its neutral amine base form between 60 °C and 210 °C. It is a dibasic nitrogenous base, having K b1 =1×10 −6, K b2 =1×10 −11. [161]
The three "R"s stand for carbon substituents or hydrogen atoms. [1] In chemistry, an alcohol (from Arabic الكحل (al-kuḥl) ' kohl '), [2] is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl (−OH) functional group bound to a saturated carbon atom. [3][4] Alcohols range from the simple, like methanol and ethanol, to ...
Nicotine salts are less harsh and less bitter and as a consequence e-liquids that contain nicotine salts are more tolerable even with high nicotine concentrations. Nicotine salts in aerosol form do not generally generate the sensation of irritation in the chest and lungs that regular cigarettes do. [13]
Ingredients. Exactly what the e-cigarette vapor consists of varies in composition and concentration across and within manufacturers. [1] Limited data exists regarding their chemistry. [1] The e-cigarette vapor usually contains propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, flavors, aroma transporters, and other substances. [12]
Reemtsma. East Germany. 1972; 52 years ago (1972) Caines. House of Prince. Denmark. 1990; 34 years ago (1990) Cambridge. Philip Morris USA.
Cotinine has an in vivo half-life of approximately 20 hours, and is typically detectable for several days (up to one week) after the use of tobacco. The level of cotinine in the blood, saliva, and urine is proportionate to the amount of exposure to tobacco smoke, so it is a valuable indicator of tobacco smoke exposure, including secondary (passive) smoke. [14]
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The tobacco-specific nitrosamines are present in cigarette smoke and to a lesser degree in "smokeless" tobacco products such as dipping tobacco and chewing tobacco; additional information has shown that trace amounts of NNN and NNK have been detected in e-cigarettes. [3] They are present in trace amounts in snus.