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Disulfiram is a medication used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to ethanol (drinking alcohol). Disulfiram works by inhibiting the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (specifically the ALDH2 enzyme [3]), causing many of the effects of a hangover to be felt immediately following alcohol consumption.
Disulfiram-alcohol reaction (DAR) is the effect of the interaction in the human body of alcohol drunk with disulfiram or some types of mushrooms. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The DAR is key to disulfiram therapy that is widely used for alcohol-aversive treatment and management of other addictions (e.g. cocaine [ 3 ] [ 4 ] use).
Withdrawal from alcohol induces a surge in release of excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate, which activates NMDARs. [27] Acamprosate reduces this glutamate surge. [28] The drug also protects cultured cells from excitotoxicity induced by ethanol withdrawal [29] and from glutamate exposure combined with ethanol withdrawal. [30]
Topiramate is quickly absorbed after oral use. It has a half-life of 21 hours and a steady state of the drug is reached in 4 days in patients with normal renal function. [57] Most of the drug (70%) is excreted in the urine unchanged. The remainder is extensively metabolized by hydroxylation, hydrolysis, and glucuronidation.
During acute alcohol withdrawal, changes also occur such as upregulation of alpha4 containing GABA A receptors and downregulation of alpha1 and alpha3 containing GABA A receptors. Neurochemical changes occurring during alcohol withdrawal can be minimized with drugs which are used for acute detoxification.
The overall incidence of adverse drug reactions to sulfa antibiotics is approximately 3%, close to penicillin; [3] hence medications containing sulfonamides are prescribed carefully. Sulfonamide drugs were the first broadly effective antibacterials to be used systemically, and paved the way for the antibiotic revolution in medicine.
Discontinuation of alcohol after extended heavy use and associated tolerance development (resulting in dependence) can result in withdrawal. Alcohol withdrawal can cause confusion, paranoia, anxiety, insomnia, agitation, tremors, fever, nausea, vomiting, autonomic dysfunction, seizures, and hallucinations. In severe cases, death can result.
Sulfasalazine is in the disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) family of medications. [5] It is unclear exactly how it works. [5] One proposed mechanism is the inhibition of prostaglandins, resulting in local anti-inflammatory effects in the colon. [4] The medication is broken down by intestinal bacteria into sulfapyridine and 5 ...
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