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In 2018, Venezuela's debt grew to US$156 billion [310] and as of March 2019, its reserves had dropped to US$8 billion. [311] With the exception of PDVSA's 2020 bonds, [312] as of January 2019, all of Venezuela's bonds are in default, [313] and Venezuela's government and state-owned companies owe nearly US$8 billion in unpaid interest and ...
In December 2013, Moody's Investors Service also downgraded both Venezuela's local (B1) and foreign currency (B2) ratings to Caa1. [94] The noted reasons of credit rating changes were the greatly increased likelihood of economic and financial collapse due to the Venezuelan government's policies and an "out of control" inflation rate. [76] [94] [96]
In April 2000, Venezuela's president decreed a new mining law and regulations were adopted to encourage greater private sector participation in mineral extraction. During Venezuela's economic crisis, the rate of gold excavated fell 64.1% between February 2013 and February 2014 and iron production dropped 49.8%. [156]
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The Wall Street Journal said in January 2019 that economists place the blame for Venezuela's economy shrinking by half on policies of the Maduro administration, "including widespread nationalizations, out-of-control spending that sparked inflation, price controls that led to shortages, and widespread graft and mismanagement". [278]
In Venezuela's economy, mired by hyperinflation and hemmed in by sanctions, the operation is not so straightforward. Venezuelan food delivery driver Pablo Toro has no stake in cryptocurrency or ...
Hugo Chevez died from cancer last night after 14 years as President of Venezuela. In the short term, Chavez's death means little for the oil markets, which shrugged off the news. The question now ...
Shortages in Venezuela of food staples and basic necessities occurred throughout Venezuela's history. [6] Scarcity became more widespread following the enactment of price controls and other policies under the government of Hugo Chávez [7] [8] and exacerbated by the policy of withholding United States dollars from importers under the government of Nicolás Maduro. [9]