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The history of economic thought is the study of the philosophies of the different thinkers and theories in the subjects that later became political economy and economics, from the ancient world to the present day. This field encompasses many disparate schools of economic thought.
Economic history is the study of history using methodological tools from economics or with a special attention to economic phenomena. Research is conducted using a combination of historical methods, statistical methods and the application of economic theory to historical situations and institutions.
Computer-based forms of democratic economic planning and coordination between economic enterprises have also been proposed by various computer scientists and radical economists. [25] [7] [24] Proponents present decentralized and participatory economic planning as an alternative to market socialism for a post-capitalist society. [52]
In their macroeconomic models, the economic system is a subsystem of the environment. In this model, the circular flow of income diagram is replaced in ecological economics by a more complex flow diagram reflecting the input of solar energy, which sustains natural inputs and environmental services which are then used as units of production ...
The need for long-term economic planning to promote efficiency was a central component of Labour Party thinking until the 1970s. The Conservative Party largely agreed, producing the postwar consensus, namely the broad bipartisan agreement on major policies. [31] A long-term economic plan was a phrase often used in British politics.
The economic history of the United States spans the colonial era through the 21st century. The initial settlements depended on agriculture and hunting/trapping, later adding international trade, manufacturing, and finally, services, to the point where agriculture represented less than 2% of GDP .
The first industrial nation: The economic history of Britain 1700–1914 (Routledge, 2013) Price, Roger. An economic history of modern France, 1730–1914 (Macmillan, 1981) Stolper, Gustav, Karl Häuser, and Knut Borchardt. The German economy, 1870 to the present (1967) Toniolo, Gianni. An Economic History of Liberal Italy, 1850–1918 (1990)
In the history of economic thought, ancient economic thought refers to the ideas from people before the Middle Ages. Economics in the classical age is defined in the modern analysis as a factor of ethics and politics, only becoming an object of study as a separate discipline during the 18th century.