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  2. List of popes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_popes

    Born as a subject of the Kingdom of France. Pope at Avignon. Reigned during the Black Death and absolved those who died of it of their sins. 199: 18 December 1352 – 12 September 1362 (9 years, 268 days) Innocent VI INNOCENTIVS Sextus: Étienne Aubert c. 1282 Les Monts, Limousin, France 70 / 80 Born as a subject of the Kingdom of France. Pope ...

  3. Pope Alexander VI - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI

    Pope Innocent, at the urging of his close ally Giuliano della Rovere, decided to declare war against Naples, but Milan, Florence, and Aragon chose to support Naples over the pope. Borgia led the opposition within the College of Cardinals to this war, and King Ferdinand rewarded Borgia by making his son Pedro Luis the Duke of Gandia and ...

  4. History of the papacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_papacy

    A history of the popes, 1830–1914 (Oxford UP, 1998), scholarly online; Collins, Roger (2009). Keepers of the Keys: A History of the Papacy. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01195-7. Coppa, Frank J. The Papacy in the Modern World: A Political History (2014) online review; Coppa, Frank J. ed. The great popes through history: an encyclopedia (2 vol ...

  5. Pope Innocent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent

    Pope Innocent II (1130–1143) Pope Innocent III (1198–1216) Pope Innocent IV (1243–1254) Pope Innocent V (1276) Pope Innocent VI (1352–1362) Pope Innocent VII (1404–1406) Pope Innocent VIII (1484–1492) Pope Innocent IX (1591) Pope Innocent X (1644–1655) Pope Innocent XI (1676–1689) Pope Innocent XII (1691–1700) Pope Innocent ...

  6. List of popes who died violently - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_popes_who_died...

    A collection of popes have had violent deaths through the centuries. The circumstances have ranged from martyrdom (Pope Stephen I) to war (Lucius II), to an alleged beating by a jealous husband (Pope John XII). A number of other popes have died under circumstances that some believe to be murder, but for which definitive evidence has not been found. Martyr popes This list is incomplete ; you ...

  7. List of popes by country - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_popes_by_country

    There have been 266 popes: 217 from Italy (Including Pope Paul I, II, III, IV, V, VI, Pope Pius I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII); 16 from France (Pope Sylvester II, Pope Stephen IX, Pope Nicholas II, Pope Urban II, Pope Callistus II, Pope Urban IV, Pope Clement IV, Pope Innocent V, Pope Martin IV, Pope Clement V, Pope John XXII, Pope Benedict XII, Pope Clement VI, Pope ...

  8. Timeline of French history - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_French_history

    This is a timeline of French history, comprising important legal changes and political events in France and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of France. See also the list of Frankish kings, French monarchs, and presidents of France.

  9. Avignon Papacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon_Papacy

    Pope Innocent VI (1352–1362), born Etienne Aubert, was less partisan than Clement VI. He was keen on establishing peace between France and England, having worked to this end in papal delegations in 1345 and 1348. His gaunt appearance and austere manners commanded higher respect in the eyes of nobles at both sides of the conflict.