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  2. Community (ecology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_(ecology)

    A bear with a salmon. Interspecific interactions such as predation are a key aspect of community ecology.. In ecology, a community is a group or association of populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area at the same time, also known as a biocoenosis, biotic community, biological community, ecological community, or life assemblage.

  3. Climax community - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax_community

    In scientific ecology, climax community or climatic climax community is a historic term for a community of plants, animals, and fungi which, through the process of ecological succession in the development of vegetation in an area over time, have reached a steady state. This equilibrium was thought to occur because the climax community is ...

  4. Ecological facilitation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_facilitation

    An example of such "whole-community" facilitation is substrate stabilization of cobble beach plant communities in Rhode Island, US, by smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora). [6] Large beds of cordgrass buffer wave action, thus allowing the establishment and persistence of a community of less disturbance-tolerant annual and perennial plants ...

  5. Association (ecology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_(ecology)

    In phytosociology and community ecology an association is a type of ecological community with a predictable species composition and consistent physiognomy (structural appearance) which occurs in a particular habitat type.

  6. Ecological succession - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_succession

    For example, seasonal flooding and drying may occur with yearly changes in precipitation, causing seasonal changes in the wetland community that maintain it at a stable state. [5] However, unusually heavy rain or unusually severe drought may cause the wetland to enter a positive feedback loop where it begins to change in a linear direction. [ 44 ]

  7. Holistic community - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_community

    For example, a community's composition can be better explained by holism than individualism, or vice versa. This ecological concept is based on the broader concept of holism , which describes the functionality of any system as having many individual parts, all of which are extremely important to the system's viability.

  8. Ecological network - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_network

    The community of species in an ecosystem is expected to affect both the ecological interaction and coevolution of pairs of species. Related, spatial applications are being developed for studying metapopulations , epidemiology , and the evolution of cooperation .

  9. Ecosystem ecology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_ecology

    Population, community, and physiological ecology provide many of the underlying biological mechanisms influencing ecosystems and the processes they maintain. Flowing of energy and cycling of matter at the ecosystem level are often examined in ecosystem ecology, but, as a whole, this science is defined more by subject matter than by scale.